The present study seeks to formulate a renewed conception of rationality within the framework of Islamic realist thought—one that, while remaining faithful to the doctrine of divine unity in action (Tawhid-e Af’ali, the unique and all-encompassing agency of God in the world), also accommodates meaningful discourse on human agency. Articulating epistemological agency within a world fully governed by divine will presents numerous theoretical challenges and social risks. On one hand, rebellion and determinism, and on the other, passivity, polytheism, and atheism, can all foster irresponsibility, purposelessness, and existential meaninglessness, thereby contributing to various social disorders and environmental crises. Although subjectivism and objectivism have evolved in parallel with scientific realism, they continue to undermine the coherence of science, technology, and other human endeavors. This article offers both a critique of these contemporary challenges and theoretical perspectives, and an explanation of rationality as understood in Islamic realism—especially through reflection on Qur’anic verses. It further proposes key principles and content essential for the advancement of Islamic rationality.