Since arguments for the existence of God are deeply rooted in metaphysics, the separation of the empirical sciences from theoretical philosophy has made the defense of theism increasingly challenging for Western theologians and scientists. Some have turned to empirical methods to support either theism or atheism. However, empirical approaches—when isolated from metaphysical inquiry—are insufficient for addressing theological issues.
This study, employing a descriptive-analytical method and a philosophical approach, argues that in order to defend theism effectively, it is essential to revive the Aristotelian classification of the sciences within theoretical philosophy, based on their respective subjects and methods. Such a revival would reaffirm the relevance and fruitfulness of metaphysics, and preserve theology’s ability—by virtue of its subject matter and methodology—to offer a robust philosophical defense of theism, as it has historically done.
The study concludes that efforts to strictly align scientific theories with sacred texts, to dismiss empirical science altogether, or to rely solely on empirical theories in defending theism are not methodologically sound or beneficial for contemporary theology. Instead, a meaningful dialogue between empirical sciences and theology, guided by metaphysical insight, is required.